Which type of study poses minimal risk to participants and may be eligible for exemption?

Surveys about general educational backgrounds typically pose minimal risk to participants, especially when the information collected is anonymous and does not include sensitive data. These types of studies often involve asking participants about their educational history, which is usually not invasive and does not have significant potential for harm. Because of this lower risk, studies like these may qualify for exemption from more stringent ethical review processes, facilitating a smoother approval process.

In contrast, clinical trials with new drugs typically carry inherent risks associated with the treatment being tested, which could affect participants' health and well-being. Similarly, studies that collect identifiable health data or involve focus groups discussing sensitive topics can introduce significant risks related to privacy and emotional distress. Such studies usually require a thorough ethical review to ensure the protection of participants’ rights and welfare, further highlighting why they do not qualify for the same level of exemption as a general educational survey.