What is required for involving adolescent cancer patients in a research study that carries minor increased risk?

Involving adolescent cancer patients in research studies, particularly those that carry any level of risk, necessitates careful ethical considerations to ensure the protection and agency of the young participants. The correct response highlights that both the assent of the child and the permission of both parents are essential in this context.

Assent refers to the agreement of a minor to participate in research, recognizing that while they may not have the legal capacity to provide consent, they should still be involved in the decision-making process regarding their own health and welfare. This is especially crucial for adolescents who are capable of understanding the implications of participating in the research.

In addition to the child's assent, obtaining permission from both parents ensures that there is a robust ethical foundation for the involvement of the adolescent in research. It serves to protect the rights of the child and reinforces the obligation of researchers to prioritize their well-being, taking into account the interests of the family as well.

Other options might suggest that either just parental permission, just the child's approval, or merely notifying parents would suffice. However, these alternatives potentially overlook the importance of the child's voice in the decision-making process and do not fully adhere to the ethical standards required when conducting research involving minors. By requiring both assent and parental permission, the correct choice aligns with